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The oriental melon ( Cucumis melo Makuwa Group) is a group of Cucumis melo cultivars that are produced in East Asia. Phylogenetic studies tracing the genetic lineage of the plant suggest that it may have originated in eastern India, having then spread to China over the Silk Road, from which it was introduced to Korea and Japan. Its flavour has been described as a cross between a honeydew melon and a cucumber. It is noticeably less sweet than Western varieties of melon, and consists of about 90% water. The fruits are commonly eaten fresh; with its thin rind and small seeds, the melon can be eaten whole.
The Korean name chamoe (참외 ) is a composite of words: cham meaning "true" or "real" and oe meaning "cucumber (melon)". It is thought that the oriental melon was introduced to Korea through China during the Three Kingdoms period. The fruit has long enjoyed popularity in Korea, where it is considered the Seasonal food fruit of summer. Oriental melons are sometimes made into a side dish, called chamoe-jangajji, whereby they are pickled with spices. In 2017, of land was used for their cultivation, yielding about of melons. Seongju County in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea is famous as the centre of oriental melon cultivation in Korea, with farms in the area comprising 70% of total production in the country.
In Japanese, they are called makuwa uri (真桑瓜 ). Oriental melon seeds have been found in Jōmon period archaeological sites, attesting to the long history of cultivation in Japan. The name makuwa uri is said to derive from the village of Makuwa, in the ancient province of Mino Province (now part of Motosu, Gifu), which became known for its high-quality Oriental melons in the 2nd century AD. They were once widely eaten in Japan, having been so common that the general word 瓜, meaning gourd or melon, came to refer specifically to the Oriental melon. Starting in 1925, when the first western melon cultivars were introduced, the Oriental melon began to fall out of favour among wealthy consumers, and by the late 20th century came to be thought of as a peasant food. It is commonly used as an offering during the Bon Festival, with the period around the festival considered to be the best time to harvest them ( shun, 旬). Unripe melons are often made into various kinds of tsukemono (pickles).
The plant was first classified as " Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa" in 1928 by Japanese botanist Tomitaro Makino. However, it is now usually treated as a cultivar group, Cucumis melo Makuwa Group. Makino's proposed name remains recognised as a synonym.
The plant, a Cucurbitaceae, is an Annual plant herbaceous plant that branches and trails. The stem is angular and hirsute (hairy) and in diameter. The leaves are Leaf shape (kidney-shaped) with 5-7 lobes. It is andromonoecious (both bisexual and male flowers on same plant) with yellow flowers.
The most well-known variety is called 銀泉まくわ in Japanese and euncheon-chamoe (은천참외) in Korean. Euncheon is the Korean reading of the Chinese characters used in the Japanese name. This type of melon was developed in Toyama, Japan, where it is now recognised as a "traditional vegetable". It was introduced into Korea in 1957, rapidly became the dominant commercial variety there, and its descendants remain so today. Varieties developed from the euncheon include: sin-euncheon ('new euncheon'), developed in the 1970s, and geumssaragi-euncheon (, 'gold dust euncheon'), developed in 1984, which is now dominant. It is yellow in colour, typically about long, and weighs about . It is smooth and oblong, with white stripes that run the length of the fruit. It has white flesh that is juicy and sweet, and is filled with small white seeds.
Other cultivars are coloured green and ivory, and vary from spherical to oblong in shape.
There are two major of chamoe in Korea: sunghwan-chamoe (성환참외), also known as gaeguri-chamoe (개구리참외, 'frog chamoe'), and Gotgam-chamoe (곶감참외). The sunghwan-chamoe is sometimes classified under another cultivar group, Cucumis melo Chinensis Group. The gotgam-chamoe is particularly unique, having the aroma of a dried persimmon (called gotgam in Korean), from which it takes its name. These two landraces contain more nutrients and have greater disease resistance than other varieties.
A variety called the 黄金まくわ is recognised by the government of Nara Prefecture as a 大和野菜, a distinction indicating its importance in that region's agricultural and culinary tradition. It has golden skin, white flesh, and usually weighs about . In 1955, Golden Makuwa comprised 85.6% of all melons (western and oriental) sold at the Osaka Central Wholesale Market.
Another variety, the ニューメロン, is spherical, has a greenish-yellow skin, green flesh, and usually weighs about . In 1962, the Sakata Seed Company crossbred this with the Charentais melon, a type of European cantaloupe, to produce the プリンスメロン, which quickly became the dominant commercial melon variety in Japan.Shigeo Nishimura (2025). 9789066057760, International Society for Horticultural Science. . ISBN 9789066057760 Prince melons weigh between , have a greyish-white skin, and orange flesh. The development of sweeter and easier to produce varieties of hybrid melon, most notably the Prince, led to a rapid decline in cultivation of oriental melons in Japan.
The annual Yeoju Geumsa Oriental Melon Festival () is held once a year, and visitors can sample the melons there.
There is an Oriental Melon Ecology Centre in Seongju County, designed to educate the public regarding the cultivation and other aspects of the fruit.
Included in a collection of drawings of Japanese yōkai by 17th century artist Yosa Buson is a depiction of an makuwauri no bakemono.
A sign that promotes 'the birthplace of the oriental melon' was erected at Kitagata-Makuwa Station in the city of Motosu, Japan, the site of the former village of Makuwa.
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